The ability to dissipate excess body heat through eccrine sweating helped to make possible the dramatic enlargement of the brain, the most temperature-sensitive organ. The loss of body hair was a factor in several aspects of human evolution. As hominids migrated outside of the tropics, varying degrees of depigmentation evolved in order to permit UVB-induced synthesis of previtamin D 3.
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With the loss of fur, high melanin skin soon evolved as protection from damage from UV radiation. Jablonski and Chaplin assert that early hominids, like modern chimpanzees, had light skin covered with dark fur. However, that would be inconsistent with the abundance of parasites that continue to exist in the remaining patches of human hair. Another explanation is that fur harbors ectoparasites such as ticks, which would have become more of a problem as humans became hunters living in larger groups with a "home base". Many explanations include advantages to cooling when early humans moved from shady forest to open savanna, accompanied by a change in diet from primarily vegetarian to hunting game, which meant running long distances after prey. The relative hairlessness of homo sapiens requires a biological explanation, given that fur evolved to protect other primates from UV radiation, injury, sores and insect bites. Main article: Human evolution Evolution of hairlessness Through all of the historical changes in the developed countries, cultures in the tropical climates of sub-Saharan Africa and the Amazon rainforest have continued with their traditional practices, being partially or completely nude during everyday activities. The trend continued in much of Europe, with the establishment of many clothing optional areas in parks and on beaches. Women reasserted the right to uncover their breasts in public, which had been the norm until the 17th century. In the 1960s naturism moved from being a small subculture to part of a general rejection of restrictions on the body. Freikörperkultur (Free Body Culture) represented a return to nature and the elimination of shame. Philosophically based movements, particularly in Germany, opposed the rise of industrialization. Acceptance of public nudity re-emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
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While the upper classes had turned clothing into fashion, those who could not afford otherwise continued to swim or bathe openly in natural bodies of water or frequent communal baths through the 19th century. However, in Japan, communal bathing was quite normal and commonplace until the Meiji Restoration. In Asia, public nudity has been viewed as a violation of social propriety rather than sin embarrassing rather than shameful. Although rediscovery of Greek ideals in the Renaissance restored the nude to symbolic meaning in art, by the Victorian era, public nakedness was considered obscene.
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In the Western world, with the spread of Christianity, any positive associations with nudity were replaced with concepts of sin and shame. In ancient Rome, complete nudity could be a public disgrace, though it could be seen at the public baths or in erotic art. In ancient Greece, nudity became associated with the perfection of the gods. In modern societies, complete nudity in public became increasingly rare as nakedness became associated with lower status, but the mild Mediterranean climate allowed for a minimum of clothing, and in a number of ancient cultures, the athletic and/or cultist nudity of men and boys was a natural concept. The skills used in their making were later found to be practical as well. The first use of animal skins and cloth may have been as adornment, along with body modification, body painting, and jewelry, invented first for other purposes, such as magic, decoration, cult, or prestige. The need to cover the body is associated with human migration out of the tropics into climates where clothes were needed as protection from sun, heat, and dust in the Middle East or from cold and rain in Europe and Asia. Nudity (or near-complete nudity) has traditionally been the social norm for both men and women in some hunter-gatherer cultures in warm climates and it is still common among many indigenous peoples. The use of clothing to cover the body is one of the changes that mark the end of the Neolithic, and the beginning of civilizations. The history of nudity involves social attitudes to nakedness of the human body in different cultures in history.